雅思写作Cohesive Device评分探析

在官方公布的写作评分描述中有一项Coherence and Cohesion 。这一项是涉及要点最多,却最为广大教学工作者和学生所忽视的一项。该项目涉及三大要点:文章信息点安排(information and ideas organization)、衔接手段(cohesive device)和分段(paragraphing).其中分段在大作文的5分至7分的评分描述中被重点强调。
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5v8y MN2Cg1{G(J0  本文将重点关注该项目中所提到的Cohesive Device:(衔接手段)。
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  Coherence and Cohesion 的7分第二条原文:中国雅思网s Ui`"E
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  Uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some uner-/over-use中国雅思网)s1z#BNZO,eO:v9o

:a^*u#w8~|*z0  6分第二条原文为:中国雅思网)H@3h.W5hbX

?s5o"|/z0  Uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical;
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  6分第三条提到:中国雅思网*U7T2jn!Y(e1t7P
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  May not always use referencing clearly or appropriately中国雅思网ivj~sn$VwhqTe/^

$^u'S${JW0  与之对应的5分第二条为:中国雅思网%c!n/{7s"DY T
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  Makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devices
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6v Pq Vf~0  5 分第三条为:中国雅思网}+C?j0s6a?

nj'j(Ly.Ud ^2u0  May be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution中国雅思网|"T(U_$i

$`5lsgt9^ f$JC,v0  由以上所涉及到的原文可以看出,referencing(指代关系)和substitution(替代)都是cohesive device(衔接手段)的表现,而且是确定分值的重要参考标准。中国雅思网MS-CK_rJ

y7KD6MH|-C!@ V7`0  那么这里反复提到的Cohesive Device(衔接手段)究竟是什么呢?
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  Cohesive Device:(衔接手段)定义:
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  能使信息的逻辑关系更清晰的各种英语字符。
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A0P*U [:b5@|~Y0  逻辑关系主要涉及:并列或递进关系、让步或转折关系、因果关系和举列。中国雅思网7O_F6mIE6{1q

/G6z$sdv$njw0  具体来看,可分成以下三类:
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:FNPK)/ Eo:R{,j0  Lexical aspect:(词汇方面)中国雅思网C&f%W3b*s)Tb

#i$QUS2/ }gEp0  Linking word(连词):
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}!C"ds oe0  并列或递进关系:and; also; too; or; Besides; furthermore; moreover; likewise; meanwhile等
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  让步或转折关系:but; however; whereas; nonetheless; nevertheless; although; though; otherwise; yet; rather; despite; rather等中国雅思网B&t"tlCW

4H9F|!S&z/{V0  因果关系:because; so; since; for; so; thus; therefore; thereby;
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  举例:like
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  Linking phrase(短语):
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4v{:b9s V3o%owf0  并列或递进关系:not only…but also; as well as; either…or; in addition; apart from that; beyond that中国雅思网dG iG D}d

/j ]K?;B0  让步或转折关系: even though; in spite of; on the other hand; on the contrary; in contrast; instead of, It is true that…;
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  因果关系: now that; in that; due to; owing to; as a result (of); in that case中国雅思网K*SB3J{OSk(x

T"S?{$k'p0  举例:for example; for instance; in particular; such as; just as
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.["x$Z8Q"U;K5^0  Adverb (副词):
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CEe3S$A4S-P3ZP0  并列或递进关系:additionally; similarly; alternatively;中国雅思网'Mr&W _%ag

/,]M2}/rV(UFL0  让步或转折关系: surprisingly; admittedly
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+_7[{mH'cxM:[1O0  因果关系: consequently; eventually;中国雅思网w*^2w@x#NbG

NSh0t:yU0  举例:especially;中国雅思网P;[ `k[%P

X1^oB#|g0  Reference(代词):中国雅思网}aj(k%m9V8yj#B
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  They; them; he; him; she; her; it; these; those; this ;that等中国雅思网k_t*I9l7`0Y6]s
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  (句法)Syntax:
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$eExCk*/0  Punctuation (标点符号):中国雅思网,cjSV5Yk a0`

6|;i'uIHj0  并列或递进关系:分号中国雅思网m/A-mmb~ C+_

.i#Jr x9C'wPE0  同位、举例:冒号;破折号;括号中国雅思网"l&EF}a

;_@8h t|?4Cq~0  Clause (各种从句):主句的信息为重点信息;从句信息为次要信息中国雅思网*_2CVJG

#Zz2}~eU0  Unnoticeable cohesive device(高级连接手段)
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G!E6P RIN'jZ0  Rhetorical purpose: (修辞)
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:H r4lxz0  排比:并列关系
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  Substitution/paraphrasing(同义转换):用词性转换、近义词、下义词、等有关联的信息来重复重点信息。这是获得7分以上高分的重要标志。中国雅思网T"EmtL_2d$AbP

9iN8]+u&sNr3~0  很多学生总是抱怨自己词汇量小,思路打不开。或是背了一大堆的词汇,真到考试就用不上了。或是写了一堆语言,但中心论点不明确。
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+o!e:oN-_1@]5~0  其实,如果一个段落的每一句话,都能出现要点信息,文章就会很容易读懂,并给人浑然一体的感觉。为了让读者更好的理解这一高级的连接手段,我们来做一个小小的练习。中国雅思网0i/h tY"G{%W7ik4UO
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  中心话题为Disaster,要求说出的短语,单词必须要能让人联想到该主题。中国雅思网*e7i^%g4?o]s,E
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  我们可以有以下几种思路:
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  词性转换: disastrous; disastrously中国雅思网O9p&KR"z:LIS#O5s
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  近义词:catastrophe; calamity; suffering; misfortune, misery
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  下义词:
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Im q$b'?x0  disaster→
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  natural disaster →
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:o%n3U&Wp0  flood; tsunami; earthquake→中国雅思网"ja Kx&Uh"^

,Jt5|xPP0  quake-scattered area→
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  victims→the injured; the missing; the death toll; the wounded soldiers; the affected; suffering; loss; the trapped; the buried, the homeless→orphan; the old without any family members;中国雅思网'y{l/4Z
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  survivor; survival
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+^"_3J S!~2{w/NF4S0  rescuer; aid; help; rescue; relief operation; relief donation; supplies; relief cash and material; red cross; emergency aid; first aid kit; emergency shelter, food , medical care, emergency response team; evacuate
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  condolence; mourn
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  通过这种思维方式,我们还可以想出很多能体现“灾难“的语言。尤其是下义词的有效使用,即可掩盖词汇量不大的缺陷,还可以让文章生动,说理性强。
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  官方给出的高分文章也可以体现这一特点。
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  Children of poor parents are prematurely exposed to the problems of adult life eg. learning to survive on a low family income and sacrificing luxuries for essential items. These children begin to see the ‘realities’ of life in their home or social environment. Their parents own struggles serve as an example to them.(53words)中国雅思网3Ns(D/Jg3dU#b"M

?&fF'j-NH0  引自IELTS Scores Explained DVD (http://www.ielts.org/general_pages/media_centre/ielts_scores_explained_dvd.aspx)中国雅思网 s-^MCp^;dd

&km]*Ms0  Cohesive device:中国雅思网 Bc [!e {1C

Fe8j/w^K,On]&m8L0  通过同意转换和代词的使用,该段每句话主语紧扣题目主题信息:children from poor families,
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,J(@rI6r"l#}0  Children of poor parents;These children;Their parents
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r?2/"d4U,/0  句子之间没用使用明显的连词或连接短语,但通过 problems of adult life; the ‘realities’ of life; parents own struggles’凸显该段分论点“生活艰难“另外,首句中的‘prematurely’由第二句的 ‘begin to’第三句的 ‘serve an example’对应,使得该段的信息环环相扣,读起来浑然一体。该段使用最突出的”cohesive device”是信息对应。即用下义词,反义词等与主题句的分论点相关的各种具体形像化和相关性的词来展开论证。这是paraphrasing的最高表现。也是确保“cohesion”的最佳方案。
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  以上是笔者对“cohesive device(衔接手段)”的一些新的认识,并在课堂教学中进行了初步的尝试。尤其是同义转换中通过下义词来强调文章中心论点的思维方式,让不少学生不再畏惧无话可写的困境。
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