2016年9月3日雅思阅读考试真题回忆

Passage  One

新旧

题材

题目

题型

旧

科技

Copying  from neighbors

T/F/NG对错5

段落内容配对 5

选择5

文章主旨：文章介绍了蝴蝶的花纹图案是模仿形态，以及其他昆虫对于蝴蝶的模仿理论。

对错 5：

1. True. 昆虫会模仿蝴蝶的形态，文中说蝴蝶会被多种昆虫的物种模仿。

2. Not Given.说B D两位科学家都在E这个地方学习研究，文中没有提及。

3. False. I这种蝴蝶背后的花纹根据飞行高度决定的

4. T

5. F

段落匹配5：

6. G 科学家抓蝴蝶的地方

7. E

8. D 科学家用食物来吸引蝴蝶

9. F

10. H 科学家验证花纹和高度的关系

选择题

11. A

12. A

13. D

Passage  Two

新旧

题材

题目

题型

旧

天气

伦敦雾霾

Y/N/NG  5

选择 5

填空5

文章主旨：本文主要英国1991年因为四天的无风天气导致雾霾，有人因此造成呼吸困难，心脏疾病而死亡，以及后续的讨论雾霾造成人死亡的原因和政府对应对策。

参考阅读：

For hundreds of years, the mists and fogs of Britain's major  cities were all too often polluted and noxious, with London especially badly  affected. The fogs endangered health and also posed a threat to travellers  who lost their way and thus became an easy prey to robbers. Around 1807, the  smoke-laden fog of the capital came to be known as a 'London particular',  i.e. a London characteristic. Charles Dickens used the term in Bleak House  (published in 1853) and provided graphic descriptions of London's fogs in  this and other novels.

The smoke-laden fog that shrouded the capital from Friday 5 December to  Tuesday 9 December 1952 brought premature death to thousands and  inconvenience to millions. An estimated 4,000 people died because of it, and  cattle at Smithfield, were, the press reported, asphyxiated. Road, rail and  air transport were almost brought to a standstill and a performance at the  Sadler's Wells Theatre had to be suspended when fog in the auditorium made  conditions intolerable for the audience and performers.

The death toll of about 4,000 was not disputed by the medical and other  authorities, but exactly how many people perished as a direct result of the  fog will never be known. Many who died already suffered from chronic  respiratory or cardiovascular complaints. Without the fog, they might not  have died when they did. The total number of deaths in Greater London in the  week ending 6 December 1952 was 2,062, which was close to normal for the time  of year. The following week, the number was 4,703. The death rate peaked at  900 per day on the 8th and 9th and remained above average until just before  Christmas. Mortality from bronchitis and pneumonia increased more than  sevenfold as a result of the fog.

The fog of December 1952 was by no means the first to bring death and  inconvenience to the capital. On 27 December 1813 fog was so dense that the  Prince Regent, having set out for Hatfield House, was forced to turn back at  Kentish Town. The fog persisted for almost a week and on one day was so thick  that the mail coach from London to Birmingham took seven hours to reach  Uxbridge. Contemporary accounts tell of the fog being so thick that the other  side of the street could not be seen. They also tell of the fog bearing a  distinct smell of coal tar. After a similar fog during the week of 7?13  December 1873, the death rate in the Administrative County of London  increased to 40 per cent above normal. Marked increases in death rate  occurred, too, after the notable fogs of January 1880, February 1882,  December 1891, December 1892 and November 1948. The worst affected area of  London was usually the East End, where the density of factories and domestic  dwellings was greater than almost anywhere else in the capital. The area was  also low-lying, which inhibited fog dispersal.

In early December 1952, the weather was cold, as it had been for some weeks.  The weather of November 1952 had been considerably colder than average, with  heavy falls of snow in southern England towards the end of the month. To keep  warm, the people of London were burning large quantities of coal in their  grates. Smoke was pouring from the chimneys of their houses and becoming  trapped beneath the inversion of an anticyclone that had developed over  southern parts of the British Isles during the first week of December.  Trapped, too, beneath this inversion were particles and gases emitted from  factory chimneys in the London area, along with pollution which the winds  from the east had brought from industrial areas on the continent.

Early on 5 December in the London area, the sky was clear, winds were light  and the air near the ground was moist. Accordingly, conditions were ideal for  the formation of radiation fog. The sky was clear, so a net loss of long-wave  radiation occurred and the ground cooled. The moist air in contact with the  ground cooled to its dew-point temperature and condensation occurred. Cool  air drained katabatically into the Thames Valley. Beneath the inversion of  the anticyclone, the very light wind stirred the saturated air upwards to  form a layer of fog 100?200 metres deep. Along with the water droplets of the  fog, the atmosphere beneath the inversion contained the smoke from  innumerable chimneys in the London area and farther afield. Elevated spots  such as Hampstead Heath were above the fog and grime. From there, the hills  of Surrey and Kent could be seen.

During the day on 5 December, the fog was not especially dense and generally  possessed a dry, smoky character. When nightfall came, however, the fog  thickened. Visibility dropped to a few metres. The following day, the sun was  too low in the sky to make much of an impression on the fog. That night and  on the Sunday and Monday nights, the fog again thickened. In many parts of  London, it was impossible at night for pedestrians to find their way, even in  familiar districts. In the Isle of Dogs, the visibility was at times nil. The  fog there was so thick that people could not see their own feet! Even in the  drier thoroughfares of central London, the fog was exceptionally thick. Not  until 9 December did it clear. In central London, the visibility remained  below 500 metres continuously for 114 hours and below 50 metres continuously  for 48 hours. At Heathrow Airport, visibility remained below ten metres for  almost 48 hours from the morning of 6 December.

Huge quantities of impurities were released into the atmosphere during the  period in question. On each day during the foggy period, the following amounts  of pollutants were emitted: 1,000 tonnes of smoke particles, 2,000 tonnes of  carbon dioxide, 140 tonnes of hydrochloric acid and 14 tonnes of fluorine  compounds. In addition, and perhaps most dangerously, 370 tonnes of sulphur  dioxide were converted into 800 tonnes of sulphuric acid. At London's County  Hall, the concentration of smoke in the air increased from 0.49 milligrams  per cubic metre on 4 December to 4.46 on the 7th and 8th.

Legislation followed the Great Smog of 1952 in the form of the City of London  (Various Powers) Act of 1954 and the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1968. These  Acts banned emissions of black smoke and decreed that residents of urban  areas and operators of factories must convert to smokeless fuels. As these  residents and operators were necessarily given time to convert, however, fogs  continued to be smoky for some time after the Act of 1956 was passed. In  1962, for example, 750 Londoners died as a result of a fog, but nothing on  the scale of the 1952 Great Smog has ever occurred again.

Passage  Three

新旧

题目

题目

题型

旧

心理

The  Art of Deception

选择句子5

T/F/NG  4

选词填空5

文章主旨：美剧lie to me  lightman原型，识别说谎的理论。

参考阅读：

However much we may abhor it, deception  comes naturally to all living things. Birds do it by feigning injury to lead  hungry predators away from nesting young. Spider crabs do it by disguise:  adorning themselves with strips of kelp and other debris, they pretend to be  something they are not--and so escape their enemies. Nature amply rewards  successful deceivers by allowing them to survive long enough to mate and  reproduce. So it may come as no surprise to learn that human beings--who,  according to psychologist Gerald Jellison of the University of South  California, are lied to about 200 times a day, roughly one untruth every five  minutes--often deceive for exactly the same reasons: to save their own skins  or to get something they can't get by other means.

But knowing how to catch deceit can be  just as important a survival skill as knowing how to tell a lie and get away  with it. A person able to spot falsehood quickly is unlikely to be swindled  by an unscrupulous business associate or hoodwinked by a devious spouse.  Luckily, nature provides more than enough clues to trap dissemblers in their  own tangled webs--if you know where to look. By closely observing facial  expressions, body language and tone of voice, practically anyone can  recognize the telltale signs of lying. Researchers are even programming  computers--like those used on Lie Detector--to get at the truth by analyzing  the same physical cues available to the naked eye and ear. "With the  proper training, many people can learn to reliably detect lies," says  Paul Ekman, professor of psychology at theUniversityofCalifornia,San  Francisco, who has spent the past 15 years studying the secret art of  deception.

In order to know what kind of lies work  best, successful liars need to accurately assess other people's emotional  states. Ekman's research shows that this same emotional intelligence is  essential for good lie detectors, too. The emotional state to watch out for  is stress, the conflict most liars feel between the truth and what they  actually say and do.

Even high-tech lie detectors don't detect  lies as such; they merely detect the physical cues of emotions, which may or  may not correspond to what the person being tested is saying. Polygraphs, for  instance, measure respiration, heart rate and skin conductivity, which tend  to increase when people are nervous--as they usually are when lying. Nervous  people typically perspire, and the salts contained in perspiration conduct  electricity. That's why a sudden leap in skin conductivity indicates  nervousness--about getting caught, perhaps?--which might, in turn, suggest  that someone is being economical with the truth. On the other hand, it might  also mean that the lights in the television studio are too hot--which is one  reason polygraph tests are inadmissible in court. "Good lie detectors  don't rely on a single sign," Ekman says, "but interpret clusters  of verbal and nonverbal clues that suggest someone might be lying."

Those clues are written all over the  face. Because the musculature of the face is directly connected to the areas  of the brain that process emotion, the countenance can be a window to the  soul. Neurological studies even suggest that genuine emotions travel  different pathways through the brain than insincere ones. If a patient  paralyzed by stroke on one side of the face, for example, is asked to smile  deliberately, only the mobile side of the mouth is raised. But tell that same  person a funny joke, and the patient breaks into a full and spontaneous  smile. Very few people--most notably, actors and politicians--are able to  consciously control all of their facial expressions. Lies can often be caught  when the liar's true feelings briefly leak through the mask of deception.  "We don't think before we feel," Ekman says. "Expressions tend  to show up on the face before we're even conscious of experiencing an  emotion."

One of the most difficult facial  expressions to fake--or conceal, if it is genuinely felt--is sadness. When  someone is truly sad, the forehead wrinkles with grief and the inner corners  of the eyebrows are pulled up. Fewer than 15% of the people Ekman tested were  able to produce this eyebrow movement voluntarily. By contrast, the lowering  of the eyebrows associated with an angry scowl can be replicated at will by  almost everybody. "If someone claims they are sad and the inner corners  of their eyebrows don't go up," Ekman says, "the sadness is  probably false."

The smile, on the other hand, is one of  the easiest facial expressions to counterfeit. It takes just two muscles--the  zygomaticus major muscles that extend from the cheekbones to the corners of  the lips--to produce a grin. But there's a catch. A genuine smile affects not  only the corners of the lips but also the orbicularis oculi, the muscle  around the eye that produces the distinctive "crow's-feet" associated  with people who laugh a lot. A counterfeit grin can be unmasked if the lip  corners go up, the eyes crinkle but the inner corners of the eyebrows are not  lowered, a movement controlled by the orbicularis oculi that is difficult to  fake. The absence of lowered eyebrows is one reason why false smiles look so  strained and stiff.