雅思源文阅读--弗朗西斯·福山 2

摘要:今天要跟大家分享的雅思阅读素材题目是弗朗西斯·福山2,正文都做了贴心的注解,并挑出了经典句式跟观点,帮助大家提升雅思口语写作水平,一起来看看吧!

作为雅思考生,我们读外刊要有一定的目的性,不仅仅是为了扩大我们的阅读面,还要有意识地针对雅思考试,提高自己的水平。本文的话,我们做了一些注释,主要帮助大家习得雅思口语和写作方面的知识。

This burst of intellectual energy was inspired by the half-failure of the liberal revolution that Mr Fukuyama once celebrated. “The End of History” proposed that markets and democracy were part-and-parcel of a single triumphant formula. But the past two decades have produced a more depressing picture. China has adopted a mixture of state capitalism and authoritarianism. Democratisation has failed in Russia and a host of Middle Eastern countries. Mr Fukuyama suggests that a major reason why history has proved to be more complicated than he imagined lies in the quality of political institutions.Neither democracy nor markets can flourish properly in the absence of a competent state. But such a state can produce many of the virtues of modernity without the benefits of either democracy or free markets.

福山学识能量的大爆发,其激发点是他曾经宣扬的自由革命的半途而废。他在《历史的终结》中写道:市场和民主是必不可少的唯一胜利模式。但是,过去的20年却呈现了一副令人愈发失望的图景。中国采用了国家资本主义和威权主义的混合模式。民主化已在俄罗斯和许多中东国家铩羽而归。福山指出,历史的复杂超出了他的想像,其主要原因在于政治制度的“质”。倘若缺乏有能力的政府,无论是民主还是市场,都不能正常地繁荣兴旺。但是,这样的政府,即使是没有民主和自由市场所带来的好处,也能够带来现代性的许多优点。

【经典句式】

burst爆发

intellectual energy学识能量

inspire激发

liberal自由的

revolution革命

once曾经

celebrate宣扬;庆祝

propose提出

democracy民主

triumphant胜利的

formula公式

produce a … picture呈现一副……的图景

depressing让人郁闷的

adopt采取

a mixture of … and ……和…的混合体

state capitalism国家资本主义

authoritarianism威权主义

democratisation民主化

ahost of许多……

political institution政治制度

democracy民主

flourish繁荣

in the absence of … 缺乏……

competent有能力的

state政府;州;国家

virtue美德;好处;优点

modernity现代性

free market自由市场

benefit好处

【大作文万用句式】

A major reason why … liesin … ……的主要原因在于……

… can produce many of the virtues of … …能够带来…的许多优点。

【犀利观点】政府的重要性:

Neither democracy nor markets can flourish properly in the absence of a competent state.

State-building is difficult. Mr Fukuyama argues that Europe and America have long led theworld in doing the hard lifting. They inherited strong medieval legal codes. They introduced merit-based civil services in the 19th century. For the most part they introduced mass franchises after creating efficient state machines. The man who once talked about “the end of history” now talks about “getting to Denmark”.

政府的建设是困难的。福山指出,长期以来,欧洲和美国始终在这方面走在世界的前头。他们继承了强大的中世纪法典。19世纪,他们引进了择优任用的文官制度。基本上,在创建了高效的国家机器后,他们引进了普选权。一度谈论“历史的终结”的那个人,现在所谈论的是“到丹麦去”。

【经典句式】

argue认为

lead the world in doing sth 在……方面领导世界

inherit继承

medieval中世纪的

legal code法典

merit-based择优任用的,基于德行的

civil service公务员;政府行政部门

for the most part主要;基本上

franchise特许权;公民权

state machine国家机器

【犀利观点】政府的重要性:

State-building is difficult.

Mr Fukuyama contrasts the accomplishment of Denmark et al in creatingsuccessful states with two types of failure. The first is a failure of institutions to keep up with social change,as in much of Latin America. After a spate of reforms in the 1980s Brazil's government is a hotch-potch of first-rate departments andpatronage dumps. The second is wholesaleinstitutional failure. The failure of the Arab spring was essentially a failure ofgovernmental capacity.In Egypt the Muslim Brotherhood failedto understand the difference between winning an election and winning total power, so thecountry's middle classreluctantly re-embracedauthoritarianism.

福山用对比了丹麦等国家在创建成功政府方面的成就和两种类型的失败。第一种类型的失败是制度未能赶上社会的变化,其典型代表是拉丁美洲各国。在经历了上世纪80年代的一系列改革后,巴西政府成为一盘大杂烩,一流的政府部门与庇护制残余同时存在。第二种类型的失败是制度的整体性失败。从本质上来说,阿拉伯之春的失败就是政府能力的失败。在埃及,穆斯林兄弟会没能理解赢得选举与赢得全部权力的区别。因此,这个国家的中产阶层不情愿地重新接受了威权主义。

(转第二页)


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